Understanding Atrial Fibrillation: What You Need to Know
By Ashish Bhimani, MD
Heart Rhythm Specialist, Piedmont Heart Institute
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is a common yet complex heart rhythm disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. As a specialist in heart rhythm disorders at Piedmont Heart Institute, I’d like to walk you through the basics of AFib and what it means for your heart health.
Understanding Normal Cardiac Anatomy and Function
To grasp AFib, it’s important to understand how the heart normally works. The heart has four chambers: the upper two are called the atria (right and left), and the lower two are the ventricles. Blood flows from the body into the atria, which then squeezes the blood into the ventricles. The ventricles pump the blood back out to the body, continuing the cycle.
The heart's rhythmic beating is controlled by electrical signals, which move in an organized pattern across the heart's chambers, prompting the muscle to contract in a smooth and coordinated manner. This efficient sequence ensures the heart pumps blood effectively to the rest of the body.
What Happens in Atrial Fibrillation?
In AFib, the heart’s electrical signals become rapid, disorganized, and chaotic, particularly in the atria. Instead of the usual smooth pattern, the atria quiver or twitch, leading to an ineffective squeeze. This electrical disarray can also cause the ventricles to pump irregularly, though they typically continue to function more normally. While AFib is not generally life-threatening, the irregular heart rhythm can lead to several health complications.
Consequences of Atrial Fibrillation
AFib can lead to:
- Loss of atrial pumping function: Without an effective atrial contraction, your heart can’t pump blood as efficiently.
- Rapid and irregular heart rate: This can lead to palpitations or a pounding sensation in the chest.
- Heart failure: Over time, AFib can weaken the heart, leading to heart failure.
One of the most concerning risks associated with AFib is stroke. The quivering of the atria can cause blood to pool in an area called the left atrial appendage, increasing the likelihood of clot formation. If a clot dislodges, it can travel to the brain and cause a stroke.
Symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation
The symptoms of AFib vary widely. Some people may not experience any symptoms at all, while others can have:
- Palpitations or a racing heartbeat
- Chest discomfort or fullness
- Lightheadedness
- Shortness of breath
- Fatigue or lack of energy
In severe cases, AFib can make daily activities difficult and significantly impact quality of life.
Progression of AFib
AFib episodes tend to worsen over time. Initially, you may experience occasional episodes that resolve on their own, a condition known as paroxysmal AFib. As the condition progresses, episodes may last longer and occur more frequently, eventually leading to persistent AFib, where the episodes last more than seven days or require medical intervention to stop them. In its most advanced stage, permanent AFib, the heart remains in an irregular rhythm indefinitely.
Managing Atrial Fibrillation
AFib management requires a comprehensive and personalized approach, taking into account each patient’s unique risk factors, symptoms, and overall health. Treatment strategies may include medications to control heart rate and rhythm, lifestyle modifications, and sometimes, medical procedures to restore normal rhythm.
If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with AFib, it’s important to seek expert care. At Piedmont Heart Institute, our team of specialists is dedicated to providing comprehensive treatment options tailored to your needs. We have providers and locations across the state, who provide quality care close to home and who are ready to help you manage your heart health.
Watch this full video with Dr. Bhimani on Risk Factor Management for Atrial Fibrillation.
For more information or to schedule a consultation, call our offices at 404-605-2888 or visit our website at piedmont.org/afib